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ZOONOTIC DISEASES

This abbreviated list of zoonoses attempts to mention those diseases that are more important in terms of their likelihood to infect man, and in terms of their severity

Disease	Causative Organism	Principal Animals Involved	Known Distribution	Probable Means of Spread to Man
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Anthrax	Bacillus anthracis	Warm-blooded animals	Worldwide	Human infections usually through the skin; may be inhaled or ingested. Spores in soil or animal products are resistant.
Brucellosis	Brucella abortus B melitensis B suis B canis	Cattle Goats, sheep Pigs, caribou Dogs	Worldwide	Direct contact with excretions or secretions, including milk of infected animals.
Campylobacteriosis	Campylobacter spp	Many animals	Worldwide Incidence appears to be increasing	Most species or subspeicies appear to be reasonably host-specific but cross-infection is possible, usually via fecal contamination of food.
Cat Scratch Fever	Unidentified bacillus	Cats, dogs, others (little or no effect other than in man)	Northern Hemisphere Common	Scratches, "licks", bites.
DF-2 Infection	Dysgonic Fermenter (DF-2)	Dogs, other mammals	USA	Unknown, but dogs and their bites are suspect.
Leptospirosis	Leptospira spp (many serovars)	Domestic and wild animals, especially rodents	Worldwide	In man, by direct contact with an infected animals urine or tissue (or aborted fetus), or from contaminated soil or water.
Listeriosis	Listeria monocytogenes	Numerous animals and birds	Worldwide	Food-borne among domestic animals; routes of infection in man not well defined.
Lyme Disease (Borreliosis)	Borrelia burgdorferi	Deer, dogs, horses, rodents, raccoons, opossums	USA (endemic in NE), Europe, Australia	Tick bite, and possibly urine and tissues.
Plague	Yersinia pestis	Rodents, cats, dogs, others	Western USA, Central and South America, SE Asia, Southern Africa	Fleas, contact with infected animals, inhalation.
Psittacosis (Ornithosis)	Chlamydia psittaci	Parakeets, pigeons, parrots, turkeys, ducks, geese, etc.	Worldwide	Usually by inhaling dust from feces or feathers. Other isolates from cattle, sheep, goats, opossums, etc., rarely cause disease in man. However, pregnant women are at risk around aborting sheep.
Salmonellosis	Salmonella spp (2000 serotypes)	Poultry, pigs, cattle, horses, dogs, cats, wild mammals and birds, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans	Worldwide	Usually via ingestion of undercooked food contaminated with feces; handling diseased animals.
Tularemia	Francisella tularensis	Rabbits, dogs, cats, rodents, sheep	Circumpolar in Northern Hemisphere	Ingestion, exposure to infected animals (e.g., skinning rabbits), arthropod bites.
Yersiniosis	Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Y enterocolitica	Animals and birds	Northern Hemisphere	Contaminated food or water.
FUNGAL DISEASES Many fungal diseases occur in man and other animals, but most are uncommon to rare, and most are the result of environmental exposure rather than of cross-species contagion. Ringworm is a "true zoonosis".

Ringworm	Microsporum spp Trichophyton spp	Many mammals, also birds	Worldwide	Direct contact with infected animals and fomites.
PARASITIC DISEASES Protozoan Diseases Several genera of protozoans may infect man and other animals, but risk of human infection from contact with other animals is low. Most such infections are acquired by ingestion of material contaminated with human feces; some are transmitted by biting insects. Those listed below are more common or could be considered "true zoonoses".
Chagas disease	Trypanosoma cruzi	Dogs, cats, pigs, armadillos, other mammals	Western Hemisphere, southern USA to central Argentina	Fecal material of tiratoma bug (Reduviidae) into bite wounds, blood transfusion.
Toxoplasmosis	Toxoplasma gondii	Mammals, especially cats, birds	Worldwide	Ingestion of oocysts shed in feces of infected cats, and meat that contains cysts.
Trematode (Fluke) Infections Man shares several fluke infections with other animals. Some of these may be acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish, crustaceans, or contaminated plants. Others are acquired if the skin is exposed to water that contains infective cercariae.
Cestode (Tapeworm) Infections Man shares several tapeworm infections with other host species. Infection with the adults is undesirable but of much less significance than is infection with the larval stages (via ingestion of worm eggs).
Echinococcosis, Hydatid disease	Echinococcus granulosus	Dogs, wild carnivores, sheep, cattle	Worldwide	Ingestion of eggs shed in feces of carnivores.
Fish tapeworm	Diphyllobothrium spp	Dogs, fish-eating animals	Worldwide	Ingestion of raw or partially cooked infected fish.
Sparganosis	Spirometra spp	Dogs, cats, raccoons, amphibians	Worldwide	Direct contact or ingestion of raw tissues of crustaceans (Cyclops spp); ingestion of undercooked feral pigs; use of infected frog or snake meat as wound dressing.
Nematode (Roundworm) Infections Some of these diseases occur in man and other animals, although most are reasonably host-specific. Rarely, people may become infected with parasites of other host species through insect bites, ingestion of infected tissue, or contact with infective larvae. The following are of considerable importance.
Cutaneous larva migrans	Ancylostoma brasiliense A caninum	Dogs, cats	Worldwide	Skin penetration by infective larvae.
Visceral larva migrans	Toxocara canis T cati	Dogs, cats	Worldwide	Ingestion of eggs shed in feces of dogs, cats.
DISEASES CAUSED OR BORNE BY ARTHROPODS It is not uncommon for persons handling animals infested with mites (usually Sarcoptes spp) or fleas (e.g., from dogs or cats) to become infested, although usually the infestation on the abnormal host is short-lived. This can, however, lead to significant discomfort, or, on occasion, to transmission of other diseases, e.g., plague. Various ticks infest man as well as other animals, and the consequences may be serious. Some ticks cause paralysis of their hosts (including man) via envenomization. The greatest dangers lie not in the arthropod infestation itself, but in the diseases for which the arthropods may serve as vectors. Several encephalitides, hemorrhagic fevers, rickettsioses, and protozoal blood parasitoses are transmitted by arthropods. Arthropod-borne bacterial diseases include Lyme disease, plague, and tularemia.